Synthesis of novel pyrazolone candidates with studying some biological activities and in-silico studies.

Pyranopyrazole derivatives have a vital role in the class of organic compounds because of their broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological importance. Our current goal is the [3 + 3] cycloaddition of benzoyl isothiocyanate and pyrazolone 1 to undergo oxidation cyclization, producing pyrazoloxadiazine 3. The diol 5 was obtained as a condensation of two equivalents of 1 with thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde in acetic acid above the sodium acetate mixture. When the condensation was carried out in piperidine under fusion, unsaturated ketone 4 was obtained. The pyrazolo pyran derivative 11 resulted from the [3 + 3] cycloaddition of 1 and cinnamic acid, while the Pyrone derivative was prepared by acylation of 12 with two equivalents of acetic anhydride. Phthalic anhydride undergoes arylation using zinc chloride as a catalyst. The cyclic keto acid 23 was synthesized by the action of succinic anhydride on 12 in the acetic medium, while the latter reacted with cinnamic acid, leading to pyrazole derivative 24. All of these reactions were through the Michael reaction mechanism. All the tested compounds showed good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms; newly synthesized compounds were also screened for their antioxidant activity. Rational studies were carried out by the ABTs method to allow a broader choice of activities. In addition, similar off-compounds were conducted. Molecular docking studies with the CB-Dock server and MD simulations were created with the default settings of the Solution Builder on the CHARMM-GUI server at 150 nm. A good correlation was obtained between the experimental results and the theoretical bioavailability predictions using POM theory.

Advanced biofuel production, policy and technological implementation of nano-additives for sustainable environmental management - A critical review.

This review article critically evaluates the significance of adopting advanced biofuel production techniques that employ lignocellulosic materials, waste biomass, and cutting-edge technology, to achieve sustainable environmental stewardship. Through the analysis of conducted research and development initiatives, the study highlights the potential of these techniques in addressing the challenges of feedstock supply and environmental impact and implementation policies that have historically plagued the conventional biofuel industry. The integration of state-of-the-art technologies, such as nanotechnology, pre-treatments and enzymatic processes, has shown considerable promise in enhancing the productivity, quality, and environmental performance of biofuel production. These developments have improved conversion methods, feedstock efficiency, and reduced environmental impacts. They aid in creating a greener and sustainable future by encouraging the adoption of sustainable feedstocks, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and accelerating the shift to cleaner energy sources. To realize the full potential of these techniques, continued collaboration between academia, industry representatives, and policymakers remains essential.

The potency of hydrothermally prepared sulfated silica (SO4/SiO2) as a heterogeneous acid catalyst for ethanol dehydration into diethyl ether.

The dehydration of ethanol into diethyl ether over a SO4/SiO2 catalyst was investigated. The SO4/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by the sulfation method using 1, 2, and 3 M of sulfuric acid (SS1, SS2, and SS3) via hydrothermal treatment. This study is focused on the synthesis of a SO4/SiO2 catalyst with high total acidity that can be subsequently utilized to convert ethanol into diethyl ether. The total acidity test revealed that the sulfation process increased the total acidity of SiO2. The SS2 catalyst (with 2 M sulfuric acid) displayed the highest total acidity of 7.77 mmol/g, whereas the SiO2 total acidity was only 0.11 mmol/g. Meanwhile, the SS3 catalyst (with 3 M sulfuric acid) has a lower total acidity of 7.09 mmol/g due to the distribution of sulfate groups on the surface having reached its optimum condition. The crystallinity and structure of the SS2 catalyst were not affected by the hydrothermal treatment or the sulfate process on silica. Furthermore, The SS2 catalyst characteristics in the presence of sulfate lead to a flaky surface in the morphology and non-uniform particle size. In addition, the surface area and pore volume of the SS2 catalyst decreased (482.56-172.26 m2/g) and (0.297-0.253 cc/g), respectively, because of the presence of sulfate on the silica surface. The SS2 catalyst's pore shape information explains the formation of non-uniform pore sizes and shapes. Finally, the activity and selectivity of SO4/SiO2 catalysts in the conversion of ethanol to diethyl ether yielded the highest ethanol conversion of 70.01% and diethyl ether product of 9.05% from the SS2 catalyst (the catalyst with the highest total acidity). Variations in temperature reaction conditions (175-225 °C) show an optimum reaction temperature to produce diethyl ether at 200 °C (11.36%).

Predicting Mortality and Use of RISC Scoring System in Hospitalized Under-Five Children Due to WHO Defined Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia acquired in the community is a leading cause of hospitalization and death in under-five children. Predicting mortality in children remains a challenge. There is a need of consolidated scoring system to predict mortality in under-five children in developing nations. METHODS: This is a hospital-based prospective nested case-control study, conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital of north India. Included were under-five hospitalized children due to WHO defined severe community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Those who did not survive were categorized as cases, while those who were discharged were categorized as controls. RESULTS: The mortality rate among the recruited 180 hospitalized children with severe CAP was 9.4%. The mortality in under-five children was higher among infants, children who resided in rural areas and were unimmunized or partially immunized for the present age. Mortality was also statistically significantly higher among under-five children with weight for age and weight for length/height below -2Z score; SpO2 < 90% at room air at admission, cyanosis, convulsion, high C-reactive protein (CRP), blood culture positive sepsis and end point consolidation. These predictors were found to be independent risk factors for the mortality after analyzing in multivariate model while presence of wheeze and exclusive breast feeding for first six months of life were found to be protective. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for respiratory index of severity in children (RISC) score has area under curve (AUC) 0.91 while AUC of RISC score with King George's Medical University (KGMU) modification has 0.88 for prediction of mortality. At the cut-off level of 3, the sensitivity of the RISC score in predicting mortality was 94.1% while the specificity was 73.6%. However, the sensitivity of the RISC score with KGMU modification in predicting mortality at cut-off level of 3 was 88.4% with a specificity of 74.8%. CONCLUSION: Various predictors for mortality under-five children are young age, malnutrition, cyanosis, high CRP, blood culture positive sepsis and end point consolidation. It is also possible to predict mortality using RISC score which comprises simple variables and can be easily used at centers of periphery. Similar accuracy had been also found through the use of an age independent modified score (RISC score with KGMU modification).Lay summaryPneumonia is a primary cause of hospitalization as well as death among the children under the age of five. A variety of severity or mortality predicting scores have been produced for adults, but such scores for children are scarce. Furthermore, their utility in developing nations has not been proven. This is a hospital-based prospective study. Included were children under five (2 to 59 months) hospitalized due to severe community acquired pneumonia (CAP) defined as per World Health Organization (WHO) and were not hospitalized in last 14 days elsewhere. Those who did not survive were classified as cases while those who were discharged were classified as controls. A total of 200 consecutively hospitalized children with severe CAP based on WHO were screened and 180 children were recruited. Among recruited children, the percentage of mortality was 9.4% while 90.6% were discharged. The mortality was higher among children younger than 12 months, those belonged to rural area and were unimmunized or partially immunized for the present age. Mortality was also higher among under-five children with severe malnutrition, anemia, SpO2 < 90% at room air at admission, cyanosis, convulsion, thrombocytopenia, high CRP, blood culture positive sepsis and end point consolidation. After assessing in a multivariate model, these predictors were determined to be independent risk factor for death, while wheezing and exclusive breast feeding throughout the first six months of life were found to be protective. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for respiratory index of severity in children (RISC) score has an area under curve (AUC) of 0.91 while AUC of RISC score with King George's Medical University (KGMU) modification was 0.88 for the prediction of death in under-five children hospitalized due to severe CAP.

Integrated hydrothermal and deep eutectic solvent-mediated fractionation of lignocellulosic biocomponents for enhanced accessibility and efficient conversion in anaerobic digestion.

Effective fractionation of lignocellulosic biocomponents of lignocellulosic biomass can increase its utilization in anaerobic digestion for high yield biomethane production. A hydrothermal process was optimized and integrated with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment to preferentially fractionate hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in rice straw. The optimized hydrothermal process resulted in 96% hemicellulose solubilization at moderately low combined pretreatment severity (log S = 2.26), allowing increased hemicellulosic sugar recovery with minimal formation of inhibitory byproducts. Subsequent DES pretreatment resulted in highly bioaccessible cellulosic pulp, removing 81.3% of lignin that can be recovered and converted into value-added products. Anaerobic digestion of hemicellulosic fraction and cellulosic pulp using a microbial methanogenic consortium seed acclimatized to the lignocellulosic inhibitors resulted in a 33.4% higher yield of methane (467.84 mL g-1 VSinitial) than with anaerobic digester sludge seed. This integrated approach can facilitate and maximize the targeted utilization of different biocomponents through sustainable biorefining.

Molecular insights into plant-microbe interactions for sustainable remediation of contaminated environment.

The widespread distribution of organic and inorganic pollutants in water resources have increased due to rapid industrialization. Rhizospheric zone-associated bacteria along with endophytic bacteria show a significant role in remediation of various pollutants. Metaomics technologies are gaining an advantage over traditional methods because of their capability to obtain detailed information on exclusive microbial communities in rhizosphere of the plant including the unculturable microorganisms. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are functional methodologies that help to reveal the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions and their synergistic roles in remediation of pollutants. Intensive analysis of metaomics data can be useful to understand the interrelationships of various metabolic activities between plants and microbes. This review comprehensively discusses recent advances in omics applications made hitherto to understand the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions during phytoremediation. It extends the delivery of the insightful information on plant-microbiomes communications with an emphasis on their genetic, biochemical, physical, metabolic, and environmental interactions.

Conversion of waste frying oil into biodiesel using recoverable nanocatalyst based on magnetic graphene oxide supported ternary mixed metal oxide nanoparticles.

The magnetic graphene oxide (GO) supported with heterogeneous ternary mixed metal oxide (MMO) was used as nanocatalyst to enhance the conversion of waste frying oil (WFO) triglycerides to biodiesel via esterification process. In this regard, acidic MGO was modified with three basic metal cations of cerium, zirconium, and strontium oxides to produce heterogeneous MGO@MMO nanocatalyst. The nanocatalyst was characterized by FESEM, TEM, EDX and FTIR. The influence of different parameters such as catalyst material ratio, methanol to oil ratio, contact time, and reaction temperature was studied. Based on the results of effecting parameters, the MGO@MMO nanocatalyst converted WFO to biodiesel with a yield 94%, a reaction time of 90 min, methanol to oil ratio (8:1), and a temperature of 60 °C. Esterification mechanism indicated the MGO@MMO nanocatalyst having both binary Brønsted acid-base sites that increased the conversion yields as compared to MGO and MMO at low temperatures.

Microplastics pollution in different aquatic environments and biota: A review of recent studies.

Microplastics (MPs) are generated from plastic and have negative impact to our environment due to high level of fragmentation. They can be originated from various sources in different forms such as fragment, fiber, foam and so on. For detection of MPs, many techniques have been developed with different functions such as microscopic observation, density separation, Raman and FTIR analysis. Besides, due to ingestion of MPs by wide range of marine species, research on the effect of this pollution on biota as well as human is vital. Therefore, we comprehensively reviewed the occurrence and distribution of MPs pollution in both marine and freshwater environments, including rivers, lakes and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). For future studies, we propose the development of new techniques for sampling MPs in aquatic environments and biota and recommend more research regarding MPs release by WWTPs.